Central Sleep Apnea: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Classification.

Central sleep apnea (CSA) is a heterogeneous and relatively rare sleep breathing disorder characterized by recurrent reductions in respiratory drive and airflow during sleep. Its complex and not fully understood pathophysiology reflects challenges in respiratory control mechanisms. CSA is associated with cardiovascular, neurologic, systemic, and genetic conditions, and remains a key area for further research, particularly in improving diagnosis and understanding mechanisms. This article outlines the definition, diagnostic approaches, classification, and provides an overview of the underlying pathophysiology of CSA.