Antigenotoxicity of extracts and metabolites of <i>Lippia spp.:</i> phytochemical basis, experimental evidence, and molecular mechanisms of genomic protection

Genotoxicity is a fundamental biological process linked to the development of numerous diseases, particularly cancer, due to its impact on the integrity and stability rof genetic material. In this context, natural compounds with antigenotoxic properties have gained increasing attention as potential agents for preventing or mitigating DNA damage. Species of the genus Lippia (Verbenaceae) have emerged as a relevant source of bioactive metabolites with promising genoprotective effects. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the antigenotoxic activity of Lippia spp., focusing on key species such as Lippia alba, Lippia citriodora, Lippia graveolens, and Lippia sidoides. Special emphasis is placed on their phytochemical composition, particularly flavonoids and phenolic acids, including quercetin, luteolin, apigenin, caffeic acid, and rosmarinic acid, which are responsible for their biological activity. Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies indicates that Lippia extracts exhibit low genotoxic potential and can reduce DNA damage induced by chemical and physical agents. The molecular mechanisms underlying these effects involve reactive oxygen species scavenging, activation of endogenous antioxidant systems, modulation of DNA repair pathways, metal chelation, and regulation of cellular signaling and epigenetic processes. Additionally, potential applications in chemoprevention, environmental health, and nutraceutical development are discussed. Overall, Lippia species represent a valuable source of natural antigenotoxic compounds; however, further studies in complex biological models and clinical settings are required to validate their efficacy, safety, and applicability in human health.