Pi (π), Metallic Means, and the Pythagorean Angle Lattice

π is derived from the geometry of Pythagorean triples and the algebraic structure of classical metallic means : We present a precise derivation of the constant π from two related sources: the Pythagorean Angle Lattice and the metallic means. For a primitive Pythagorean triple with smaller acute angle θ and governing parameter n = 2a/(c − b), the identity cot(θ/4) = Mn is established, where Mn = (n + √(n² + 4))/2 is the n-th metallic mean. From the Pythagorean Angle Lattice, we obtain the limit lim (n→∞) 720°/(nθ) = π. Using the identity cot(θ/4) = Mn, this is equivalently expressed as lim (n→∞) 180°/(n · arccot(Mn)) = π. Thus the constant π is obtained directly from the geometry of the lattice as well as from the algebraic structure of the metallic means. Numerical evidence is provided.

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Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-08-03
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21778980
Primary Topic
Mathematics and Applications
Type
preprint
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preprint

Pi (π), Metallic Means, and the Pythagorean Angle Lattice

Chetansing K. Rajput
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Mathematics and Applications
preprint

Pi (π), Metallic Means, and the Pythagorean Angle Lattice

Chetansing K. Rajput
preprint en

Abstract

π is derived from the geometry of Pythagorean triples and the algebraic structure of classical metallic means : We present a precise derivation of the constant π from two related sources: the Pythagorean Angle Lattice and the metallic means. For a primitive Pythagorean triple with smaller acute angle θ and governing parameter n = 2a/(c − b), the identity cot(θ/4) = Mn is established, where Mn = (n + √(n² + 4))/2 is the n-th metallic mean. From the Pythagorean Angle Lattice, we obtain the limit lim (n→∞) 720°/(nθ) = π. Using the identity cot(θ/4) = Mn, this is equivalently expressed as lim (n→∞) 180°/(n · arccot(Mn)) = π. Thus the constant π is obtained directly from the geometry of the lattice as well as from the algebraic structure of the metallic means. Numerical evidence is provided.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Mathematics and Applications
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