Present status of prostate cancer diagnosis, limitations, challenges, and future endeavors

In addition to traditional testing methods, the use of PSMA-directed imaging to guide biopsy procedures using Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging (mpMRI) allows for better localization and characterization of lesions. Researchers have begun to develop and continue to innovate Molecular & Imaging processes, called Liquid Biopsies, that are now being used to assess health risk factors associated with PC, by sampling macro-molecules from various biological liquids. Recently, the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning Models for improving the speed and accuracy of lesion detection and gland segmentation has significantly increased both precision and consistency in these areas. However, there is still great concern regarding overdiagnosis and lack of standardization associated with all types of molecular and imaging techniques currently available. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the currently available diagnostic modalities for prostate cancer, including their weaknesses as well as gaps in clinical translation and standardization, which can assist with providing guidance for future development of diagnostic innovations..