Building Sustainable Workplaces: The Synergistic Role of Human Capital Sustainability Leadership, Green HRM and Altruism in Promoting Employee Green Behaviour

Using social exchange theory, this study investigates how human capital sustainability leadership (HCSL) promotes employee green behaviour through green human resource management (Green HRM), and whether employee altruism, being a boundary condition, strengthens these relationships in Pakistan’s hospitality sector. Using a two-wave survey design, data were collected from 589 hotel employees and analysed through partial least squares structural equation modelling. The findings show that HCSL positively predicts employee green behaviour and Green HRM, while Green HRM mediates the relationship between HCSL and employee green behaviour. Employee altruism further strengthens the indirect effect of HCSL through Green HRM. The study’s main contribution to the sustainable HRM and leadership literature is the introduction of Green HRM as a behavioural mechanism connecting sustainability-oriented leadership to employee environmental performance in the South Asian service context. The study is limited to Pakistan’s hospitality sector and a two-wave design; future studies should adopt longitudinal and cross-cultural approaches.