Dimensionally consistent surrogate modelling through dimensional analysis and harmonic expansions

Abstract Dimensional homogeneity is a fundamental constraint on physically meaningful models, requiring invariance under changes of units. We present a data-driven method for constructing surrogate models that satisfy this constraint at the level of the hypothesis class. Starting from a dimension matrix of measured variables, the method derives Buckingham $$\Pi$$ -groups, constructs admissible dimensional prefactors, and approximates the remaining dimensionless dependence using truncated harmonic expansions on normalized invariant domains. Once the prefactor and dictionary are fixed, the coefficients are obtained from a regularized linear regression problem. We test the approach on the simple pendulum, Planck’s black-body law, the double-pendulum Lyapunov field, and an experimental COBE/FIRAS black-body spectrum dataset. The results show that dimensional constraints improve conditioning, robustness to noise, and sample efficiency relative to unconstrained baselines, while the choice of dictionary becomes important in non-periodic or multi-invariant settings. The learned expressions are explicit and inexpensive to evaluate, which makes them useful as surrogate models for structured physical problems.