Trends and challenges in web map application layouts: comparative study on map elements

Web map layouts fundamentally shape spatial awareness and cognitive load, acting as a primary communication interface for billions of users monthly. This paper presents a comparative study of ten leading web map applications (Mapy.cz, OpenStreetMap, Google Maps, Bing Maps, HERE Maps, MapQuest, ViaMichelin, Locus Map Web, Baidu Maps, and Waze Live Map). Fifteen predefined map elements were analyzed across three standardized interface scenarios (default, minimized, and maximized). The analysis combined the occurrence of elements with a statistical evaluation of their relative screen area. Results indicate a convergence on core elements (map frame, navigation, search bar) but reveal profound divergence in the spatial dominance of commercial and ancillary components. While minimized layouts universally prioritize the map frame (>90% of the screen), maximized states compress it significantly, falling to 57% in Google Maps and ViaMichelin, and 44% in Bing Maps. Rather than equating market popularity with optimal design, this study synthesizes these empirical observations with human–computer interaction (HCI) and cartographic communication theories. We propose theoretically grounded guidelines—such as maintaining a 70% map frame threshold, employing progressive disclosure for tools, and ensuring persistent legend accessibility—to establish robust baselines for future user-centric web cartography.