Metal-doped bioactive ceramics reinforced polymer composites for hard and soft tissue regeneration

Polymer composites reinforced with metal-doped ceramics enable sustained release of therapeutic ions (Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Ag⁺, Nb⁵⁺, Te⁴⁺, Mn²⁺, Sr²⁺) directly from the ceramic lattice, providing more controlled ion release than freely dispersed nanoparticles. This review synthesizes evidence from bone regeneration, guided bone regeneration, skin tissue engineering, and dental applications. Fabrication methods including electrospinning, freeze-drying, 3D printing, and solvent casting yield composites with tunable mechanical properties and predictable ion release kinetics. Optimal doping enhances apatite formation, cell proliferation, mineralization, and antibacterial activity without compromising biocompatibility. Conversely, exceeding optimal concentrations reduces cell viability and impairs healing. The ceramic matrix functions as an ion reservoir, providing sustained angiogenic and osteogenic effects over weeks to months. Comparative evidence suggests that Nb⁵⁺ and Zn²⁺ primarily promote osteogenesis, whereas Ag⁺ and Cu²⁺ exhibit stronger antibacterial performance. Te⁴⁺ shows emerging promise in skin applications. Overall, metal-doped bioactive ceramic/polymer composites represent a versatile and promising platform for controlled therapeutic ion delivery in hard and soft tissue regeneration.