MulDet3D: Multiobjective Optimization-Based Unsupervised Object Detection for Multiple Roadside LiDARs

Abstract Roadside systems with multiple light detection and ranging (LiDAR) units offer promising capabilities for comprehensive traffic monitoring in intelligent transportation systems. However, they introduce unique challenges due to varying point cloud densities, different measurement qualities, and the need to maintain consistent object detection across overlapping sensor regions. This paper presents multi-objective optimization based 3D object detection for multiple roadside LiDARs (MulDet3D), a novel unsupervised two-stage clustering framework specifically designed for roadside multi-LiDAR object detection. Our approach uniquely combines reliability-weighted background modeling, multi-LiDAR registration, and adaptive density-based clustering with physically constrained hierarchical merging to effectively handle the complexities of multisensor point cloud data. We further introduce a multiobjective particle swarm optimization framework that automatically tunes clustering parameters to achieve optimal performance under different deployment scenarios. Extensive experiments on two real-world multi-LiDAR data sets with different sensor configurations demonstrate that our method significantly outperforms traditional clustering approaches and modern self-supervised methods in challenging scenarios. The results show that our parameter optimization framework substantially improves detection precision, with our method achieving 76.71% [email protected] for pedestrians, 70.23% [email protected] for small vehicles, and 72.62% [email protected] for large vehicles, significantly outperforming baseline methods. These findings highlight the effectiveness of our sensor-aware adaptive approach for roadside traffic monitoring and its potential for practical deployment in intelligent transportation systems without requiring extensive training data. The current study is scoped to dual-LiDAR roadside deployments under normal weather conditions; generalization to larger sensor arrays, adverse weather, and more complex intersection geometries represents important directions for future research.