Malaria Vectors’ Diversity and Seasonality in Sustaining Disease Transmission in an Endemic Area of Faladie, Mali

The widespread circulation of the Anopheles vector is observed during the rainy season and clearly decreases during the dry season, when only a few mosquitoes are able to survive. This study aimed to identify the major species sustaining continued malaria transmission across seasons. This cross-sectional study was conducted in a malaria-endemic area. Mosquitoes were captured in Faladie using pyrethroid spray catches during rainy and dry seasons. The collected mosquitoes were identified using morphological keys, combined with molecular techniques such as PCR-RFLP (IGS regions) for Anopheles (An.) gambiae s.l. identification. Plasmodium spp. positivity in each mosquito was characterized by qPCR using parasite 18 S genes. A total of 1082 and 1705 mosquitoes were captured inside the same houses in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. In the rainy season, 454 (41.9%) were Anopheles, 624 (57.7%) Culex and 4 (0.4%) Aedes. During the dry season, 65 (3.81%) mosquitoes were Anopheles, while 1,640 (96.19%) were Culex. Morphologically, the anopheline population consisted of 100% An. gambiae s.l. The Anopheles species diversity in the rainy season comprised the sister taxa, An. gambiae s.s. and An. Coluzzii, followed by an An. gambiae/An. coluzzii hybrid and An. arabiensis. However, An. coluzzii was found as the only vector across the rainy and dry seasons that sustained malaria transmission. Plasmodium falciparum infection rates were 9.7% and 1.7%, respectively, for the rainy and dry seasons. An. coluzzii species can survive both the dry and the rainy seasons and sustain malaria through cross-seasonal transmission. This highlights the importance of tackling An. coluzzii species and residual malaria transmission to eradicate the disease in endemic areas.