Будівництво в умовах безпекових загроз: адитивні технології та автономні системи

The article is devoted to researching the possibilities of using additive technologies, prefabrication, and autonomous systems in construction under martial law in Ukraine. It substantiates the feasibility of manufacturing prefabricated (modular) protective structures at mobile production complexes located near the work zone, with their subsequent transportation, installation, and securing by robotic systems without the direct involvement of builders in hazardous areas. It is established that combining construction 3D printing, factory prefabrication, and autonomous control allows for reducing the duration of works, decreasing production risks, and ensuring the rapid construction of protective and fortification objects, as well as protecting existing infrastructure. Most importantly, the use of autonomous and unmanned systems will save the lives and health of workers and engineering staff. Prefabrication involves the manufacture of building elements and modules in factory conditions based on specially developed project documentation, with a high degree of material processing and preliminary integration of engineering systems necessary for subsequent functioning, transportation, and installation. Prefabricated panels, structural elements, and functional modules are delivered to the construction site, where they are assembled, connected, and fastened to an unprepared base in the absence of foundations and other supporting structures. The article demonstrates that the use of local robotic systems reduces occupational risks, while automated off-site manufacturing systems, in particular BCM (Building Component Manufacturing) and LSP (Large-Scale Prefabrication), ensure parallel production of building components and modules under controlled conditions. Special attention is paid to mobile production facilities located near the construction zone but at a safe distance from major threats, with the possibility of their further relocation depending on operational needs. The main methods of additive manufacturing are considered, and it is shown that layer-by-layer extrusion is currently one of the most promising methods for application in large-scale construction. The method involves laying a specially prepared quick-hardening concrete mixture through an extrusion nozzle in accordance with a digital model. A mobile tower-type construction 3D printer (3DCP), equipped with a simple manipulator, is considered a universal device for manufacturing prefabricated protective elements both in factory conditions and directly at the construction site. The research results confirm that the integration of additive technologies, mobile prefabrication, and autonomous systems is a promising direction for protecting existing infrastructure and erecting new protective and fortification structures. The obtained data can serve as a scientific and practical basis for further research in the field of autonomous transportation, robotic installation, concrete curing, and the use of special quick-fastening systems, as well as for the development of national building codes for high-risk conditions. At the same time, unresolved issues have been identified related to the placement of mobile facilities, the technological curing of concrete structures, autonomous transportation, and the creation of special systems for fastening prefabricated elements to each other and to the base