Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a case report and literature review

Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma is a mature CD30-positive T-cell lymphoma that develops around the implant as a peri-implant fluid collection confined by a fibrous capsule, and less commonly as a tumor with infiltrative growth. The disease was recognized as a distinct clinico-pathological entity in 2022 in the 5th edition of the WHO Classification of Tumors of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. This work analyzed current understanding of the disease: epidemiological data, etiopathogenetic aspects, and diagnostic algorithms. The article discusses the association of the disease with textured implants, predominantly manufactured by Allergan Biocell (USA). The main pathogenetic mechanisms are reviewed: chronic inflammation, the role of bacterial biofilms, and JAK/STAT signaling pathway activation. Current approaches to diagnosis and staging are described. The necessity of establishing a national registry of BIA-ALCL cases in the Russian Federation and developing domestic clinical guidelines for optimizing patient management is emphasized. A description of a clinical case of BIA-ALCL is presented, one of the few registered cases in the Russian Federation.