Pasture Biomass Monitoring in Queensland Rangelands with UAV and Satellite Cascades

The operational satellite monitoring of pasture biomass requires models that transfer beyond the properties on which they were calibrated. We present a hierarchical, open-source cascade that scales in situ clip-and-weigh biomass (n = 1120 samples across eleven sites on five Queensland properties) through UAV digital-surface-model imagery to Sentinel-2 predictions, using TabPFN—a pre-trained transformer foundation model for small tabular data—as the regressor at all three nested spatial scales. Under a leave-one-site-out (LOSO) protocol on twenty site–date aggregates across nine sites, spectral-only Sentinel-2 models failed to transfer (best R2=−0.15, RMSE 4.62 t ha−1). Appending open climate (Open-Meteo ERA5) and topsoil (SoilGrids 2.0) covariates and evaluating five learners (GBM, RF, XGBoost, TabPFN, and GBM + TabPFN stack) on log-transformed biomass increased LOSO R2 to −0.05 and reduced RMSE to 4.43 t ha−1; a leaf-nitrogen growth trajectory predicted by the TabPFN nitrogen regressor from our earlier pasture-chemistry work reduced pixel-level LOSO RMSE by a further 4%. Three alternative covariate classes—BARRA-R2 reanalysis climate, three independent fractional-cover products, and Sentinel-1 C-band SAR backscatter—were tested and rejected, all hitting the same RMSE floor. The symmetric negative results indicate that the residual LOSO ceiling on the current nine-property footprint is a sample-size and optical-saturation limit rather than a feature-engineering one; the most tractable operational path forward is to stratify the production model by climatic zone and Queensland Land Type rather than pursuing further covariates within a single global learner.