The Impact of Social Norm Versus Educational Message Framing on Residential Recycling: A Randomized Field Trial

National recycling rates have stagnated at approximately 32 percent in the United States, suggesting that existing programs are not achieving desired levels of diversion. A growing body of field experiments has examined whether informational and norm-based messaging interventions can shift recycling behavior, though most studies rely on self-reported outcomes or stated preferences rather than objective behavioral measures. Using bin-level audit data from a randomized field trial among 200 voluntarily enrolled households in Columbus, Ohio, we find that norm-based and educational message framing produce statistically indistinguishable average effects on recycling fill level, participation, and contamination over a 29-week program. However, the analysis identifies that norm-based messaging outperforms educational messaging when adverse weather raises participation costs, while educational messaging holds up better during high-distraction community events. These patterns point toward adaptive messaging designs that condition content on observable contextual triggers as a promising direction for extracting greater behavioral returns from recycling outreach investment.