Bridging Academic Research and Application: Competency Asymmetries as a Barrier to Technology Transfer in Poland

Abstract Purpose This paper analyzes competency asymmetries among academic researchers in Poland and their implications for R&D commercialization and technology transfer processes. Design/methodology/approach The study employs a mixed-methods design, combining a quantitative CAWI survey of researchers at Polish universities (N = 386) with qualitative in-depth interviews (N = 20). The analysis covers self-assessed research and transfer competencies relative to R&D project experience. Findings A persistent gap exists between research and commercialization skills, independent of discipline or career stage. Prior R&D experience does not eliminate this imbalance. Qualitative data show that this asymmetry functions as a systemic bottleneck reinforced by evaluation systems that reward publications and isolate researchers from direct market learning, associated with a capability trap. Practical implications Expanding support infrastructure alone is ineffective without redefining academic incentive systems. Measurable implementation outcomes must be included in staff evaluation criteria, while technology transfer centers should fully absorb legal-formal procedures. Furthermore, science managers should implement fast-track procedures and dedicated career paths for applied researchers to allow them to focus on direct industry engagement. Originality/value Unlike traditional analyses focusing on macro-institutional barriers, this study descends to the individual researcher level. It reconceptualizes competency asymmetries not as individual deficits, but as closely linked to the prevailing academic incentive structure.