Environmental Benefits of Fly Ash and GGBFS-Based Green Concrete: A Sustainable Alternative to Conventional Concrete

The construction industry contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions due to the extensive use of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Sustainable alternatives are required to minimize the environmental impact of construction activities. This study investigates the environmental and engineering benefits of green concrete produced using Fly Ash (FA) and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) as partial replacements for cement. Four concrete mixtures were evaluated: conventional concrete and green concrete containing varying percentages of Fly Ash and GGBFS. Mechanical performance, carbon emission reduction, resource conservation, and durability characteristics were assessed. The results indicate that replacement of cement with Fly Ash and GGBFS can reduce embodied carbon by up to 40%, improve durability, and provide satisfactory compressive strength. The study demonstrates that green concrete offers a viable pathway toward sustainable infrastructure development.