Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of 14-3-3 Gene Family in Peanut

Background: Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is a globally important legume crop with high nutritional and economic value. In the plant, the highly conserved 14-3-3 proteins participate in various biological functions. This study investigated the characterization and evolution of the 14-3-3 gene family in peanut and explores its potential roles in stress resistance. Methods: The 14-3-3 gene families in cultivated peanut and its ancestral species Arachis duranensis and Arachis ipaensis were identified and characterized via a genome-wide approach. We subsequently analyzed their structural features, conserved motifs, genomic distribution, phylogeny and promoter cis-acting elements. Results: A total of 22, 10, and 12 14-3-3 genes (also called general regulatory factors, GRFs) were identified in A. hypogaea, A. duranensis, and A. ipaensis, respectively. Cultivated peanut exhibits extensive genomic synteny with its progenitors, and segmental duplication appears to be a key mechanism underlying the expansion of this gene family. Moreover, according to cis-acting element prediction, these genes may contribute to stress tolerance under diverse environmental conditions. Conclusion: This comprehensive analysis enhances our understanding of the 14-3-3 (GRF) gene family in peanut and provides a valuable basis for further functional research on these genes.