Multifunctional Characterization and Inter-Annual Variability of Bioactive Compounds in Hippophae rhamnoides L. Sea Buckthorn Varieties

The growing interest in natural bioactive compounds has positioned sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) as a source of high-value phytochemicals for pharmaceutical and functional applications. Renowned for its complex biochemical profile, this species synthesizes significant levels of lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants, notably carotenoids and ascorbic acid (vitamin C). These constituents provide extensive therapeutic and pharmacological benefits, including strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and tissue-regenerative properties. Consequently, characterizing the exact bioactive composition of sea-buckthorn is essential for identifying cultivars with exceptional multi-functional potential. However, a major challenge in exploiting this botanical resource lies in the significant variability of its chemical profile. While the fundamental pharmacological attributes of the plant are genetically determined, the absolute concentration of its bioactive compounds can vary. Factors such as specific cultivar traits and inter-annual climatic conditions, including severe seasonal droughts, are known to influence secondary metabolite accumulation. Although individual varieties exhibit distinct nutritional profiles, systematic data tracking these fluctuations over consecutive years remain limited, particularly regarding certified cultivars adapted to specific regional ecosystems. To extend current understandings, this study evaluates the multi-functional characteristics and inter-annual stability of 17 distinct sea buckthorn varieties over a continuous three-year monitoring period. Specifically, this research focuses on four select varieties officially registered in the Republic of Moldova Official Catalogue of Plant Varieties and Species. The primary aim of this investigation is twofold: first, to quantify key quality parameters—including carotenoid levels, vitamin C content, total acidity, pH, and dry matter—across the different cultivars; and second, to determine whether genetic variety or inter-annual climatic variations exert the dominant influence on these bioactive levels over the medium term. By evaluating these parameters, this study establishes reliable baselines for selecting stable, high-yield cultivars optimized for targeted pharmacological applications.