Traditional Approaches Used by First-Time Breastfeeding Mothers in the Prevention and Management of Nipple Pain and Cracks: A Qualitative Study

BACKGROUND: Nipple pain and cracks are common in breastfeeding, and while traditional and non-pharmacological methods are used, evidence on their effectiveness is inconsistent. The findings of this study contribute to further health professionals' provision of culturally sensitive, evidence-based care. RESEARCH AIM: This study explored the experiences and perceptions of first-time breastfeeding mothers regarding traditional approaches used to prevent and manage nipple pain and cracks, as well as their evaluations of the effectiveness of these practices. METHODS: A qualitative descriptive phenomenological design was employed. A total of 24 first-time breastfeeding mothers were recruited through snowball sampling, with data collection continuing until saturation. Face-to-face, semi-structured interviews lasting 20-25 minutes were conducted and audio-recorded with consent. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, anonymized (M1-M24), and analyzed using MAXQDA (Version 24), following Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis approach. The study adhered to the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research, with themes refined through expert input. RESULTS: Analysis identified four main themes and eight subthemes. Nipple pain and cracks were mainly linked to physiological issues during early lactation and mechanical trauma from incorrect latch. Mothers reported physical discomfort and impacts on self-confidence and maternal identity. Traditional remedies like human milk and herbal oils offered temporary relief, while professional counseling and proper technique were essential for effective management. CONCLUSION: Traditional approaches may provide supportive relief for nipple pain and cracks in first-time breastfeeding mothers, but are insufficient as standalone interventions. Integrating culturally sensitive counseling with evidence-based breastfeeding support is essential to promote effective and sustainable breastfeeding practices.