Formation mechanism evolution of CO ₂ emissions outsourcing within the global ICT multinational investment network

Prior studies have not fully examined the factors associated with the global CO2 transfer network driven by information and communication technology (ICT) investments (GCNI). We employ a multi-regional input-output model, complex network analysis, and an exponential random graph model to explore the evolution and formation mechanisms of the GCNI between 2000 and 2020 from the perspective of foreign direct investment (FDI) motivations. The results indicate that the GCNI has become increasingly interconnected. CO2 transfer relationships exhibit significant reciprocity and triadic closure characteristics. Larger and more open markets are more likely to receive CO2 transfer relationships, while similar markets are more likely to establish such relationships. Vertical factors associated with receiving CO2 transfer relationships evolve from abundant natural resources to low-cost labour, and eventually to highly skilled labour. Regions with stricter environmental regulations and higher corporate tax rates are more likely to initiate these relationships. Our findings suggest that FDI motivation-related factors are closely associated with the geographical pattern of ICT investment-driven emission transfers. These associations may be informative for investment-related emission disclosure, carbon accounting, and discussions of carbon responsibilities and sustainable ICT development in the digital era.