NOVEL MICROSPHERE FORMULATIONS: RECENT ADVANCES, PREPARATION STRATEGIES, CHARACTERIZATION, AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS

Microspheres are effective drug delivery systems that offer controlled, sustained, and targeted drug release, enhancing therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. This review discusses advancements in microsphere formulations, focusing on their structure, classification, materials, and fabrication techniques. It compares traditional methods, like solvent evaporation and spray drying, to innovative ones such as microfluidics and AI-assisted design. Recent developments include stimuli-responsive and multifunctional microspheres that improve site-specific drug delivery and precision therapeutics. The review highlights characterization techniques for evaluating microspheres in drug delivery, including aspects like particle size and release profiles. It explores their therapeutic potential in various applications, but notes challenges such as burst release and regulatory approval. Future research directions emphasize personalized medicine, AI-driven optimization, and sustainable manufacturing for clinical translation.