Entomo-Pathogenic Nematode: An Effective and Eco-Friendly Alternative to Synthetic Pesticides. A Review

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) belong to the category of nematodes living in the soil, which also parasitize and kill insects. They operate in conjunction with specific bacteria and are commonly used in biocontrol because they are effective against a wide range of insect pests, host specific, environmentally safe and compatible with integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. They are obligate parasites of insects that belong to the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae. EPNs are commonly used in biological pest control due to their broad host range. Entomopathogenic nematodes are effective and eco-friendly alternative to synthetic insecticides. Despite difficulties in mass production, formulation, and field conditions, their incorporation into pest control strategies bears significant promise. Advancements in biotechnology and formulation science can easily promote their applicability in sustainable agriculture. Recent research focuses on improving their field efficiency, genetic diversity, and commercialization. In some countries, EPNs are commercially produced for biological pest control in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry, however, efficient mass production and formulation are critical for their stability, storage, and field efficacy. EPNs are increasingly used in Africa for managing key agricultural pests due to their effectiveness against banana weevils, fall armyworm, sweet potato weevils, and white grubs, but the key challenges include, temperature sensitivity and farmer adoption, however, ongoing research and local production are improving accessibility. Recent studies in some African countries indicated appreciable success achieved with EPN use in Kenya (maize), Uganda (banana), Nigeria (sweet potato), and South Africa (maize grubs) and the key factors for the success include, proper application timing, farmer training, and local EPN adaptation among others.