Power Management of PV Generation, Electric Mobility, Electric Heating, and Battery Energy Storage

Power management of photovoltaic generation, flexible loads, e.g., electric vehicles and heat pumps, and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) have become important for energy arbitrage. This work develops a two-level power management model for day-ahead and real-time scheduling, where the contribution of flexible loads (e.g., vehicle-to-grid (V2G) use) and BESSs is compared, considering different load types, load sizes, seasons, and battery degradation. An empirical degradation model has been linearized and incorporated, including cyclic and calendar aging. The results showed that the seasonal effect significantly influences the grid power exchange and the V2G use. Moreover, the load type has a notable impact on the flexibility of the node since commercial grids import less grid power and use less V2G due to lower flexibility. Furthermore, a larger load size decreases the need for BESS use and increases the likelihood of V2G use. While degradation has a small effect on the total cost of small aggregated loads, the effect increases notably as the size of the load increases, while it also greatly reduces V2G and BESS use. Finally, the model has been validated against benchmark and control models, showing cost reductions of up to 5.81% and 30.6%, without and with BESS use, respectively.