Dual-Source Transport, Vertical Evolution, and Topographic Modulation of the March 2023 East Asian Dust Storm in the Context of 2000–2024 Spring Dust Variability

East Asian spring dust activity has generally weakened since the early 2000s (Theil-Sen trend −1.07 × 10−6 yr−1, significant over 62% of the domain), but severe events continue to occur when synoptic forcing, source-region dryness, and terrain-guided transport are favorably coupled. This study places the 19–23 March 2023 East Asian dust storm within this 2000–2024 background and provides an integrated three-dimensional analysis of its transport, vertical structure, and topographic controls. The event developed as a dual-source relay-convergence process: Taklamakan Desert dust was emitted first on 19 March and transported southeastward along the Hexi Corridor, while Mongolian Plateau dust intensified on 21 March and mainly affected North China. Independently calibrated, PM10-cross-validated FLEXPART-WRF trajectory arrays (R = 0.74–0.81) show Taklamakan contributed 100% of the calibrated near-surface dust mass at Lanzhou and Mongolian 98% at Beijing during each receptor’s event peak window. Four independent dynamical diagnostics quantify topographic control, showing the Helan Mountains attenuate westward-approaching Taklamakan dust by 23% across the range. TROPOMI AAI, CALIPSO, ground PM10, and CAMS EAC4 jointly corroborate multi-level cold-vortex/trough-frontal coupling and terrain blocking as the controlling mechanisms, demonstrating that extreme dust episodes can still occur under a weakening long-term background when dynamic lifting, dual-source activation, and topographic channeling act together.