Multifunctional ZnBi ₂ O ₄ ‐rGO Nanocomposites for Environmental, Antibacterial, and High‐Efficiency Supercapacitor Applications

ABSTRACT The growing challenge for effective energy storage devices and better wastewater treatment technologies has accelerated the development of evolved multifunctional nanomaterials. Here, this investigation employed a simple reflux method for synthesizing reduced graphene oxide‐based ZnBi 2 O 4 nanocomposites. Several analytical approaches have been investigated to validate the successful development of the nanocomposites. These nanocomposites exhibit strong adsorption capability to remove the methyl green (MG) dye from aqueous solution. The adsorption isotherm models explain the adsorption capabilities with high correlation coefficients. The nanocomposites' adsorption capacities revealed good recyclability behavior. The mechanisms of MG dye adsorption on nanocomposites have been examined using thermodynamic analysis. Additionally, the synthesized nanomaterials displayed remarkable antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. Electrochemical performance demonstrated that, the ZnBi 2 O 4 –rGO composite outperformed virgin ZnBi 2 O 4 , exhibiting excellent rate capability, high specific capacitance, long‐term cycling stability and high coulombic efficiency. The Trasatti analysis revealed a balanced contribution of electric double‐layer capacitance and pseudocapacitance. Overall, these findings highlight ZnBi 2 O 4 –rGO as a versatile and promising material with broad applicability, including high‐performance supercapacitor electrodes, efficient adsorbents for wastewater treatment, and effective antibacterial agents for combating a wide range of microbial strains.