Metaheuristic-Driven Synthesis of Structured Antenna Arrays for Enhanced Radiation Patterns

A robust metaheuristic framework based on a sequential hybrid of Artificial Rabbits Optimisation (ARO) and the Grey Wolf Optimiser (GWO) is proposed for the synthesis of linear (20 elements) and concentric circular (three rings, 4, 6, and 10 elements) antenna arrays. The optimisation strategy is applied to two distinct excitation scenarios—amplitude-only and complex amplitude–phase—to synthesise radiation patterns for both broadside and 30° tilted beams. The hybrid TSARO–GWO algorithm aims to minimise the sidelobe level (SLL) while ensuring compliance with design constraints on HPBW, directivity, and DRR. Experimental results validate the hybrid’s superior efficacy, yielding SLLs as low as −34.8 dB and −38.4 dB for the LAA, and −35.9 dB and −45 dB for the CCAA, respectively, while strictly satisfying half-power beamwidth (HPBW), high directivity, and dynamic range ratio (DRR) constraints. Comparative benchmarks against contemporary optimisers (CTPOA, MVO, FPA, DO, SPS-JADE, AHA, HKOA, SSA, and ALO-SQP) demonstrate that TSARO-GWO achieves SLL values that are competitive with or superior to these recent methods across all six synthesis cases, establishing it as a promising framework for complex array synthesis problems.