Advancements in Fischer–Tropsch Catalysts and Supports: A Comprehensive Review

Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) has re-emerged as a pivotal technology for sustainable hydrocarbon production in the context of global decarbonization and energy alternatives expansion. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in FTS catalysts, supports, promoters, and reactor designs. Emphasis is placed on emerging materials, sustainability metrics, and industrial integration. The discussion spans conventional iron- and cobalt-based catalysts, the role of active phase, support and promoters, novel architecture, computational modeling, and techno-economic assessments. The work aims to identify key trends, existing challenges, and future directions that could accelerate the deployment of FTS in renewable and circular economies.