Gender-based violence in dating relationships: educational gaps and perceptions among undergraduate nursing students in Southern Spain

Gender-based violence (GBV) in dating relationships is an escalating public health concern, particularly among adolescents and young adults. University settings, and specifically nursing programmes, are key environments for early detection and prevention. As future frontline health professionals, nursing students must be equipped with the knowledge and skills to identify and respond effectively to intimate partner violence. This qualitative exploratory study involved a purposive sample of 24 undergraduate nursing students aged 18 to 24 years; all enrolled in universities in southern Spain and with current or experience in romantic relationships. Data were collected through individual semi-structured interviews conducted online between December 2022 and November 2023. Data were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. The study adhered to the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) guidelines. Participants primarily recognised controlling behaviours and psychological abuse as the most common manifestations of dating violence. The misuse of social media, along with alcohol and drug use in leisure contexts, were identified as key factors intensifying violent interactions. Students described a wide range of emotional and physical health consequences, including anxiety, distress, and somatic symptoms. Overall, participants viewed their educational training on GBV as superficial, limited in practical guidance, and insufficient to develop critical competencies in recognising, addressing, or preventing dating violence. The findings highlight significant educational gaps in the training of undergraduate nursing students regarding GBV in dating relationships. There is a clear need to strengthen nursing curricula with targeted, evidence-based content that empowers future nurses to detect and manage intimate partner violence. Addressing this deficiency is crucial to preparing competent health professionals capable of contributing to the prevention and early intervention of GBV among youth.