Graphene quantum dots: A nanotherapeutic frontier in multimodal cancer theranostics and targeted imaging

The review explores the transformative potential of Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs), a class of zero-dimensional nanomaterials that integrate the exceptional mechanical and electronic properties of graphene with the size-tunable optoelectronic characteristics of quantum dots. By combining graphene’s sp 2 carbon framework and high surface area with the quantum confinement effects of semiconductor nanocrystals, GQDs emerge as highly stable, bio-compatible, and multifunctional candidates for next-generation nanotechnology. A primary focus is placed on their revolutionary role in oncology, where GQDs function as versatile theranostic platforms. Their intrinsic photoluminescence enables high-resolution bioimaging and early cancer detection, while their abundant surface functional groups allow for precise customization with targeting ligands and chemotherapeutic agents. This facilitates targeted drug delivery through the Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) effect, significantly reducing systemic toxicity. Furthermore, the review details how GQDs synergize with existing nanoparticle systems to enable multi-modal treatments, including photothermal (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), by generating localized heat and reactive oxygen species upon light irradiation. By synthesizing current advancements in GQD fabrication, physicochemical governing laws, and clinical applications, this work establishes GQDs as a cornerstone for advanced cancer diagnosis and integrated therapy.