Anthracnose in Yerba Mate Caused by <i>Colletotrichum nymphaeae</i> in Brazil

ABSTRACT Yerba mate ( Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) is the primary non‐timber native forest species in Southern Brazil, and its socioeconomic importance is linked to the consumption of its leaves in hot and iced teas, as well as the manufacture of energy drinks and cosmetics. Anthracnose in yerba mate shoots, caused by Colletotrichum sp., has been a significant disease problem in native areas, seedling nurseries, and new plantations. The objective of this study was to elucidate the aetiology of anthracnose in yerba mate. Based on an analysis of morphological characteristics and DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and portions of the tubulin 2 (TUB2) and glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) genes, the species Colletotrichum nymphaeae (Pass) Aa. was identified. The pathogenicity of this species was confirmed through an inoculation experiment in yerba mate, signifying the inaugural documentation of C. nymphaeae as a causative agent of disease in yerba mate in Brazil and globally. This information will serve as a crucial element in the formulation of disease management strategies aimed at controlling the pathogen.