Plasma-treated PVC/PVDF nanocomposites doped with bio-synthesized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles from Citrus aurantium peels: electrical properties investigation

Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were green-synthesized using Citrus aurantium peel extract and incorporated into PVC/PVDF nanocomposite films via solution casting. The synthesised nanoparticles were characterised by XRD, FTIR, AFM, and FESEM. The prepared films were subjected to dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma treatment, and their electrical properties were investigated. The results showed that both Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle incorporation and plasma treatment enhanced the dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and AC electrical conductivity of the PVC/PVDF nanocomposites. The enhancement was attributed to interfacial polarization, improved charge transport, and plasma-induced surface modification. These findings demonstrate that green-synthesised Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, combined with plasma treatment, provide an effective and sustainable approach to improving the electrical performance of PVC/PVDF nanocomposites.