Modular curves 𝑋₀(𝑁) of density degree 5

We determine all modular curves <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper X 0 left-parenthesis upper N right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">X_0(N)</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> with minimum density degree <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="5"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">5</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> , i.e. all curves <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper X 0 left-parenthesis upper N right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">X_0(N)</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> with infinitely many points of degree <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="5"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">5</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> and only finitely many points of degree <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="d less-than-or-equal-to 4"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo> ≀ </mml:mo> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">d\leq 4</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> . As a consequence, the problem of determining all curves <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper X 0 left-parenthesis upper N right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">X_0(N)</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> with infinitely many points of degree <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="5"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">5</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> remains open for only <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="30"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mn>30</mml:mn> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">30</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> levels <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper N"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">N</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> .

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Publication Details

Journal
Mathematics of Computation
Published
2026-07-27
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1090/mcom/4221
Primary Topic
Algebraic Geometry and Number Theory
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

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article

Modular curves 𝑋₀(𝑁) of density degree 5

Daeyeol Jeon, Petar Orlić, Maarten Derickx, Wontae Hwang
Mathematics of Computation
Algebraic Geometry and Number Theory
article

Modular curves 𝑋₀(𝑁) of density degree 5

Daeyeol Jeon, Petar Orlić, Maarten Derickx, Wontae Hwang
article en

Abstract

We determine all modular curves <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper X 0 left-parenthesis upper N right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">X_0(N)</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> with minimum density degree <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="5"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">5</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> , i.e. all curves <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper X 0 left-parenthesis upper N right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">X_0(N)</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> with infinitely many points of degree <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="5"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">5</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> and only finitely many points of degree <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="d less-than-or-equal-to 4"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo> ≀ </mml:mo> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">d\leq 4</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> . As a consequence, the problem of determining all curves <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper X 0 left-parenthesis upper N right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">X_0(N)</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> with infinitely many points of degree <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="5"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">5</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> remains open for only <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="30"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mn>30</mml:mn> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">30</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> levels <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper N"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">N</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> .

Mathematics of Computation
National Research Foundation of Korea, Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost, European Regional Development Fund
Openalex Percentile: Top 4%
Algebraic Geometry and Number Theory
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