Modular curves πβ(π) of density degree 5
We determine all modular curves <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper X 0 left-parenthesis upper N right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">X_0(N)</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> with minimum density degree <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="5"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">5</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> , i.e. all curves <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper X 0 left-parenthesis upper N right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">X_0(N)</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> with infinitely many points of degree <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="5"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">5</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> and only finitely many points of degree <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="d less-than-or-equal-to 4"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo> β€ </mml:mo> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">d\leq 4</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> . As a consequence, the problem of determining all curves <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper X 0 left-parenthesis upper N right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">X_0(N)</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> with infinitely many points of degree <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="5"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">5</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> remains open for only <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="30"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mn>30</mml:mn> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">30</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> levels <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper N"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">N</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> .
Authors
- Daeyeol Jeon (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5174-9375)
- Petar OrliΔ (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9183-8071)
- Maarten Derickx (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7186-2087)
- Wontae Hwang
Publication Details
- Journal
- Mathematics of Computation
- Published
- 2026-07-27
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1090/mcom/4221
- Primary Topic
- Algebraic Geometry and Number Theory
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost
- European Regional Development Fund