Low adiponectin levels and ADIPOQ +276G>T single nucleotide polymorphism are associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Sudanese population: case-control study

Aim: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a polygenic disorder influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in the adiponectin gene are linked to insulin resistance, serum adiponectin levels, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study investigated the association between adiponectin levels, the ADIPOQ +276G>T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), and type 2 diabetes in the Sudanese population. Methods: A case-control study involved 202 individuals with type 2 diabetes and 100 controls, after providing written informed consent. Blood samples were collected after overnight fasting for measurements of fasting blood glucose (FBG), and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) levels were measured using enzymatic methods. Participants’ body mass index (BMI) was calculated based on weight and height measurements. Adiponectin levels were measured by sandwich ELISA. Adiponectin gene +276G>T SNP was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Results: Patients with type 2 diabetes had significantly lower adiponectin levels compared to controls (P < 0.001). The distribution of the +276G>T SNP genotypes and the T allele was significantly different between diabetic patients and controls, with TT, GT, and T allele more frequent in diabetics (P < 0.05). Adiponectin levels varied by genotype, with GG carriers having higher levels than GT and TT carriers, who exhibited significantly lower levels (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The +276G>T SNP in the adiponectin gene is associated with reduced adiponectin levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes in the Sudanese population.