A Review of Cracking Behaviour in Underground Reinforced Concrete Box Structures Considering Soil–Structure Interaction Effects

Underground reinforced concrete box structures are the backbone for any infrastructure projects, and these are widely used as a tunnels, road and railway underpasses, utility corridors, car parks and metro infrastructures because of their higher strength, durability, and comparatively easy construction. One of the main issues affecting their long-term performance is cracking, which can impact its durability, serviceability and water tightness. This review paper examines previous studies on the cracking behaviour of underground RC box structures, with a focus on the effect of soil stiffness and soil structure interaction (SSI). The review discusses how soil conditions influence stress distribution, deformation, bending moments, axial forces, shear forces and crack formation in these structures. Existing research on crack initiation, crack growth, soil–structure interaction, and finite element modelling is also reviewed. The study compares various design methodologies used to determine and control cracking and highlights the limitations of current research. It was found that although many studies have investigated soil–structure interaction and structural behaviour, only a limited researcher have focused on how changes in soil stiffness affect the cracking. Based on the reviewed literature, several research gaps have been identified, and the findings of this review can help researchers, engineers and practitioners to better understand the factors affecting cracking and support the development of safer and more durable underground reinforced concrete box structures.