Utilization of particulate matter from marine engine as a carbonaceous anode for Na-ion batteries

Maritime transport generates substantial amounts of carbon emissions and particulate matter (PM 2.5) particles waste, which is considered as abundant industrial waste. This study presents repurposing the PM as an anode for Li and Na-ion batteries. Structure and morphology properties of the PM particles were characterized with Raman spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry analysis at various rates indicated a pseudocapacitive charge storage mechanism in the annealed PM electrode, with diffusive contributions dominating at lower scan rates. This study provides insight for waste valorization by repurposing of PM particles from heavy fuel oil into electrochemical energy storage applications.