Bidirectional Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Energy Systems Integrating Modelling, Intelligent Control, Communication and Cybersecurity: A Review

ABSTRACT Bidirectional wireless power transfer (BWPT) is emerging as a key enabler of grid‐interactive electric vehicle (EV) systems, supporting vehicle‐to‐grid, vehicle‐to‐home and vehicle‐to‐vehicle energy exchange. However, existing research largely treats modelling, control and communication as independent domains, which limits the practical realization of BWPT systems that operate as tightly coupled cyber–physical platforms. In addition, challenges such as bidirectional power flow regulation, misalignment sensitivity and secure operation remain insufficiently addressed in an integrated manner. This review provides a unified and system‐level analysis of BWPT by jointly examining modelling approaches, control strategies, communication frameworks and cybersecurity considerations. Modelling techniques, including analytical, frequency‐domain and finite‐element methods, are evaluated in terms of accuracy and computational complexity. Control strategies such as triple‐phase‐shift control, predictive methods, reinforcement learning and communication‐free synchronization are comparatively assessed based on zero‐voltage switching capability, efficiency and implementation requirements. A key contribution of this work is the integrated treatment of control and communication layers with cybersecurity analysis, demonstrating how power flow regulation, real‐time control decisions and protocol‐level interactions (e.g., ISO 15118, TLS and CAN) collectively influence system performance, stability and vulnerability. The review further examines standardization efforts and identifies practical deployment challenges, including thermal management, system complexity and large‐scale validation. By establishing BWPT as a unified cyber–physical energy system, this work provides structured design insight and outlines research directions toward scalable, efficient and secure wireless EV charging infrastructures.