The Effects of Storm Kristin on the Built Environment in Portugal: Lessons to Improve Windstorm Resilience

Storm Kristin affected central Portugal on 28 January 2026, producing exceptional wind gusts and widespread disruption across the natural, infrastructural and built environments. This paper presents the results of a post-disaster reconnaissance mission carried out in the municipalities of Leiria and Marinha Grande, two of the most affected areas. The methodology combined ground-based visual inspection, photographic records, unmanned aerial vehicle surveys, terrestrial laser scanning, and information provided by local authorities and infrastructure managers. The results show that the spatial distribution and severity of the damage were consistent with the occurrence of very intense localised gusts associated with a sting jet mechanism. Extensive damage was observed in vegetation, transport networks, electrical and telecommunications infrastructure, public spaces and different building typologies. Across the building stock, roofing systems were the most vulnerable components, particularly lightweight panels, ceramic tiles, ridge elements and poorly anchored envelope systems. Industrial and public buildings showed the most severe failures, including extensive roof loss, deformation of structural and envelope components, and local collapse, while residential buildings generally presented minor-to-moderate damage. Heritage buildings showed specific vulnerabilities related to cumulative degradation, exposed architectural elements and the consequences of local damage for historic fabric. The findings highlight the need for improved wind-risk preparedness, systematic post-event documentation, enhanced roof and cladding anchorage, preventive maintenance, and further investigation of the relationship between recorded wind speeds, observed damage patterns and current wind-design assumptions.