Trends and prospects for Ficus carica L. production in Mexico

Global production and commercialization of fig ( Ficus carica L.) have increased substantially over recent decades, driven by rising consumer demand for fresh fruit and products with functional and nutraceutical attributes. In Mexico, despite the introduction of fig cultivation during the sixteenth century, the crop remains underdeveloped and is still considered an emerging horticultural activity, constrained by technical, phytosanitary, and market-related limitations. This review aims to provide an updated and integrated synthesis of the current status, production trends, and future prospects of fig cultivation in Mexico, with particular emphasis on northwestern regions characterized by arid and semi-arid environments. A systematic literature review with a narrative synthesis approach was conducted following the methodological principles of the PRISMA 2020 guidelines adapted to agricultural sciences. Peer-reviewed journal articles, specialized books, institutional technical reports, national and international official databases, and relevant web-based literature published between 2010 and 2025 in English and Spanish were critically analyzed. The retrieved information was organized into thematic categories addressing crop origin and introduction, global and national production dynamics, varietal performance, edaphoclimatic suitability, research advances, phytosanitary constraints, and market perspectives. The findings indicate that the cultivar ‘Black Mission’ predominates in Mexican production systems and that northwestern Mexico exhibits favorable climatic and soil conditions for fig cultivation. However, sectoral expansion is limited by quarantine restrictions associated with Silba adipata , mandatory postharvest treatments, and high logistical costs related to export markets. Significant knowledge gaps persist regarding pruning systems, the use of plant growth regulators, and postharvest handling practices. Overall, fig cultivation represents a viable option for agricultural diversification in Mexico, although its competitiveness will depend on improved agronomic management, targeted research efforts, and effective market integration strategies.