SpatiaVM: A Parallelized, Deterministic, and Physics-Aware Virtual Machine for Decentralized Spatial Computing and Digital Twins

abstractExisting blockchain Virtual Machines (VMs), such as the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) and Solana Virtual Machine (SVM), are architected strictly for 1D financial accounting and key-value state transitions. Consequently, they lack native execution support for 3D spatial geometry, deterministic physical constraints, and rotational kinematics. Applying these general-purpose financial VMs to cyber-physical systems (CPS), robotics, autonomous drone fleets, and industrial digital twins incurs cross-hardware IEEE-754 floating-point consensus splits, prohibitive gas costs, and severe $O(N)$ linear state lookup bottlenecks. To resolve these fundamental limitations, we propose SpatiaVM, a domain-specific, parallelized, and physics-aware Virtual Machine designed natively in Rust (Edition 2024). SpatiaVM introduces: (i) a bitwise deterministic Q32.32 fixed-point (Fixed64) and quaternion (QuaternionFixed) numerical engine that eliminates IEEE-754 floating-point non-determinism across heterogeneous CPU architectures; (ii) a native 3D Spatial Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) with built-in geometric collision and physical constraint enforcement opcodes; (iii) an integrated 3D Spatial Hash Grid Indexer achieving near-$O(1)$ spatial state memory lookups; (iv) dynamic volume-based spatial gas metering and ephemeral Time-To-Live (TTL) state pruning for zero-bloat database maintenance; and (v) a 3D Spatially-Partitioned Parallel Execution Scheduler that concurrently dispatches non-overlapping spatial transactions across multi-core CPUs. Empirical evaluations on a 16-core system demonstrate that SpatiaVM achieves transaction throughput exceeding 20,251 Transactions Per Second (TPS) with a $992\times$ lookup speedup over linear state scans, while logging 256-bit Merkle state root hashes and zero-knowledge execution trace commitments suitable for Layer-2 zk-STARK verification.