Citossina: A web‐based application integrating virtual and augmented realities for inclusive Cell Biology education

Cell Biology is widely recognized as a challenging subject for undergraduate students due to the difficulty in conceptualizing microscopic structures and processes, along with the large number of complex concepts it covers. These difficulties are common among students with typical vision but are exacerbated for those with visual impairments, whose academic retention is often affected by the lack of inclusive methodological approaches. To foster inclusive learning environments and address the shortage of accessible materials, this study aimed to develop, implement, and evaluate an inclusive web application for learning Cell Biology, based on the principles of Educational Design Research (EDR), responsive design, and the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.1). Three-dimensional (3D) models representing organelles, cell structures, and processes were created, integrated into the platform, and optimized for virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR). Accessibility features such as audio descriptions, color-changing interfaces, adaptive color schemes, adjustable layouts, contextual tips, and alternative text were included to support use across multiple devices. The learning tools were evaluated by students with visual impairments, students with typical vision from health and biological sciences programs, and Cell Biology teachers. Results indicated positive perceptions regarding visual presentation, usability, content quality, and learning effectiveness, emphasizing the web application's potential to promote inclusive learning in Cell Biology undergraduate education.