Comparative Study of Mentorship for Female Surgeons in Japan: Surveys Conducted in 2011 and 2024

INTRODUCTION: Women constitute approximately 20% of physicians in Japan, yet account for only 8% of surgeons. This study aimed to assess longitudinal changes in mentorship among female surgeons and provide insights for supporting their career development and academic advancement. METHODS: A nationwide online questionnaire was administered to members of the Japan Association of Women Surgeons in 2011 and again in 2024. Responses were compared to evaluate shifts in mentorship status, expectations, and academic outcomes. RESULTS: The response rates were 48.7% (55/113) in 2011 and 36.2% (44/113) in 2024. Respondents in 2024 were significantly older, more often married, and more likely to have children. The mean number of male mentors declined from 2.8 to 1.6 (P = 0.011), resulting in a decrease in total mentors from 3.6 to 2.2 (P = 0.014). The number of female mentors remained low and almost unchanged (0.8 to 0.6). In 2024, support expectations shifted toward income enhancement and professional networking, with relatively less emphasis on work-life balance. Female surgeons with mentors had significantly more first-author English publications (P < 0.05), higher PhD attainment (P < 0.05), and more society leadership roles (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate a shift in mentorship priorities from career maintenance to professional advancement. While the proportion of women in leadership roles has increased since 2011, access to female mentors remains limited. Surgeons with mentors demonstrated higher academic productivity, indicating that effective mentorship may constitute a critical factor in supporting academic career advancement among female surgeons.