Pixel‐Wise Uncertainty Quantification of Accelerated <scp>MRI</scp> Reconstruction

PURPOSE: The goal of this work is to introduce an automated method to assess the quality of under-sampled MRI reconstructions. THEORY AND METHODS: We propose a general framework for pixel-wise uncertainty quantification in accelerated MRI reconstructions, enabling automatic identification of unreliable regions without using ground-truth fully-sampled reference images. Our method integrates conformal quantile regression with learning-based image reconstruction methods to estimate statistically rigorous pixel-wise uncertainty intervals. We trained and evaluated our model on Cartesian undersampled brain and knee data obtained from the fastMRI dataset using acceleration factors ranging from 2 to 10. An end-to-end Variational Network was used for image reconstruction. RESULTS: Quantitative experiments demonstrate strong agreement between predicted uncertainty maps and true reconstruction error. Using our method, the corresponding Pearson correlation coefficient was higher than 90% at acceleration levels at and above four-fold; whereas it dropped to less than 70% when the uncertainty was computed using a simpler heuristic notion (magnitude of the residual). Qualitative examples further show the uncertainty maps based on quantile regression capture the magnitude and spatial distribution of reconstruction errors across acceleration factors, with regions of elevated uncertainty aligning with pathologies and artifacts. CONCLUSION: The proposed framework enables evaluation of reconstruction quality without access to fully-sampled ground-truth reference images. It represents a step toward adaptive MRI acquisition protocols that may be able to dynamically balance scan time and diagnostic reliability.