BOA optimization of PMFCL using nonlinear FEM with hysteresis and eddy currents

Abstract Passive Magnetic Fault Current Limiters (PMFCLs) provide a reliable and economical solution to the high fault current problem in today’s power systems. However, performance prediction is still difficult to achieve accurately because of the nonlinear magnetic behaviour, hysteresis, and eddy current effects, which complicate the modelling and simulation processes necessary for effective design and implementation of PMFCLs. In this article a comprehensive nonlinear modelling framework is proposed by integrating the Jiles-Atherton hysteresis model with the electromagnetic eddy current coupling, and adaptive finite element method (FEM). ANSYS Maxwell software is used for the transient evaluation of the electromagnetic behaviour under fault circumstances using the established model. Furthermore, multi-objective optimization of key design parameters such as core dimensions, coil turns, magnet length, etc., using the Butterfly Optimization Algorithm (BOA) is applied. The results show that the adaptive meshing technique enhances the prediction accuracy of flux by around 15 % compared to the traditional FEA simulations. The optimized design gives up to a 26 % reduction in peak fault current and better loss characteristics. The experimental results showed strong consistency with the simulation findings, with the maximum deviation remaining below 3 %. This confirms that the proposed BOA-FEM framework delivers an accurate and efficient solution for designing and optimizing PMFCLs in practical power system applications.