From volcanic processes to societal preparedness: Educational approaches in Spain

Early engagement in Earth science and risk education is crucial, as interests and perceptions developed during childhood strongly influence future scientific literacy, risk awareness, and preparedness. In volcanic regions, education and science–society initiatives play a key role not only in knowledge transfer but also in enhancing risk perception and awareness, preparation, and capacity. In this sense, Spain provides a particularly relevant context for exploring these approaches, as it hosts active volcanic systems with contrasting characteristics. The Canary Islands represent an oceanic island setting with recent eruptive activity, and a large exposed population, including both permanent residents and transient visitors. In contrast, the Garrotxa Volcanic Field (NE Iberian Peninsula) is a distributed volcanic field with low eruptive frequency, long repose periods, and a densely populated landscape where volcanic risk is often perceived as remote. These differences pose distinct challenges for risk communication, education, and preparedness. In response, a range of educational and outreach tools are being developed, combining storytelling, visual media, digital resources, and place-based engagement. Here we analyze the impact of two initiatives carried out in these two volcanic areas. First, we present The Volkis, an illustrated book series that introduces volcanic processes, hazards, and impacts to young audiences through accessible and engaging formats. The book series is supported by the interactive website https://descubrelosvolcanes.es, which offers videos, hands-on experiments, and printable activities, aiming to make science education entertaining, accessible, and interactive, fostering learning not only for children but also for the adults accompanying them. The latest volume, “The Volkis: An Adventure in La Palma”, was developed through a co-creation process with teachers from areas affected by the 2021 La Palma eruption, ensuring that the content responds to the specific educational needs of primary and secondary school students. The book uses this last eruption in the Canary Islands as a real-world case study to explore eruptive precursors, volcanic hazards, and societal impacts, linking scientific understanding with lived experience. Second, we present “Viviendo entre volcanes” (Living among volcanoes)(https://appliedvolcanology.eu/viviendo-entre-volcanes/), a participatory science communication project developed in the Garrotxa Volcanic Field. The project combines a mobile exhibition, a short documentary featuring testimonies from diverse local stakeholders, a pedagogic guide, and a digital book to evaluate and address scientific knowledge gaps and social perceptions of volcanic risk among local communities. Previous surveys of residents and visitors inform the content and structure of these materials, helping identify prevailing myths, knowledge needs, and perceptions of volcanic hazards, preparedness, and resilience. All materials produced within the two initiatives are freely available for download, and usage metrics highlight their relevance and applicability in everyday life, as well as in educational and community training activities. Together, these initiatives illustrate how integrating creative educational formats and participatory approaches can enhance early education, risk awareness, and societal preparedness in regions with very different volcanic systems and exposure levels. The Spanish experience highlights the importance of adapting communication strategies to both the nature of the volcanic system and the characteristics of the population at risk. Volkis La Palma and "Viviendo entre volcanes" team: Noah Schamuells, Adelina Geyer, Meritxell Aulinas, Rubén López, Carmen López, Claudia Prieto-Torrell, Olaya Dorado, Joaquin Hopfenblatt, Natalia Armas, Yenis Rodríguez, Adriana Jarabo, Itahiza Domínguez-Cerdeña, Helena Albert, Xavier de Bolós, Guillem Gisbert, Stéphanie Barde-Cabusson, Dario Pedrazzi, Daniela Cerda, Xevi Collell, Javiera Gazitua, Clara Llobet-Jiménez