Frequency of Hypomagnesemia and Its Association With Glycemic Control and Diabetic Complications in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Hypomagnesemia is common in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and may be related to poor glycemic control and diabetic complications. The present study was conducted to determine the frequency of hypomagnesemia and assess its association with glycemic control, microvascular complications, and macrovascular complications in adults with T2DM. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 255 adults with T2DM. Serum magnesium was measured in all participants, and hypomagnesemia was defined as serum magnesium <1.6 mg/dL. Patients were divided into hypomagnesemia and normomagnesemia groups. Glycemic parameters, renal indices, lipid profile, microvascular complications, and macrovascular complications were compared between the two groups. Appropriate statistical tests were applied according to data distribution, and multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess adjusted associations. Results: Hypomagnesemia was identified in 99 (38.8%) patients. Poor glycemic control was significantly more frequent in patients with hypomagnesemia than in those with normomagnesemia (98.0% versus 69.9%; odds ratio (OR) = 20.91; 95% confidence interval (CI), 4.95-88.38; p < 0.001). Microvascular complications were more common among patients with hypomagnesemia, including diabetic retinopathy (47.5% versus 26.3%; OR = 2.54; p < 0.001), diabetic kidney disease (42.4% versus 23.7%; OR = 2.37; p = 0.003), diabetic peripheral neuropathy (41.4% versus 25.6%; OR = 2.05; p = 0.012), and any microvascular complication (71.7% versus 44.2%; OR = 3.20; p < 0.001). Any macrovascular complication was more frequent in the hypomagnesemia group on crude analysis (33.3% versus 21.2%; OR = 1.86; p = 0.044), but this association was not significant after adjustment. Conclusions: Hypomagnesemia was common among adults with T2DM and was strongly associated with poor glycemic control and microvascular complication burden. Its relationship with macrovascular complications was weaker after adjustment.