Unified tools for assessing the methodological quality of intervention effects in rapid reviews: a scoping review

Abstract Background Evaluating the methodological quality of primary studies is a crucial aspect of evidence syntheses, such as rapid reviews. Rapid reviews often include both randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomised studies (NRSIs) requiring multiple design-specific quality assessment tools. This can complicate workflows and reduce efficiency. Unified tools, designed to assess methodological quality across diverse study designs, may offer a more consistent and streamlined approach. This scoping review aimed to comprehensively identify and describe unified tools for assessing methodological quality across both RCTs and NRSIs. Methods The review followed JBI scoping review methodology and was reported in line with PRISMA-ScR guidance. Searches were conducted in MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), and CINAHL (EBSCO) from 1998 to 2024, alongside grey literature searches, citation tracking, targeted website searches, and consultation with experts in evidence synthesis. Study selection was performed by two independent reviewers. A tool was defined as any structured instrument developed to support users in assessing methodological quality. Results A total of 55 publications were included, identifying 29 unique unified tools. These were categorised by structure: scales ( n = 14), checklists with an additional summary judgement ( n = 7), simple checklists ( n = 5), domain-based tools ( n = 2), and other tools ( n = 1). All tools were designed to assess both RCTs and NRSIs, with many also applicable to additional study designs, including descriptive studies ( n = 15), case reports or series ( n = 9), qualitative research ( n = 7), and systematic reviews ( n = 3). Unified tools were developed using a mixture of approaches including literature reviewing ( n = 25), expert consensus ( n = 20), and stakeholder consultations ( n = 17) and pilot testing ( n = 17). Evaluation of psychometric properties was conducted to varying levels across different domains of validity and reliability. Conclusion This review identified a diverse set of unified tools for assessing methodological quality across both RCTs and NRSIs. However, variation in tool structure, the availability of accompanying guidance, and the limited evaluation of psychometric properties, particularly inter-rater reliability and criterion validity, indicate potential issues for adoption in rapid reviews. Unified tools need further refinement and validation to be embedded in the rapid review process. Systematic review registration https://osf.io/nyteu/