Scanning for representation: A scoping review of racial and ethnic diversity in <scp>MRI</scp> studies of the maternal brain

Abstract A growing number of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies are examining brain changes across pregnancy and early motherhood, gaining fundamental insight into the neural adaptations of motherhood, with critical clinical and policy implications for supporting mother, child, and family unit. As the field takes off, now is the time to take stock of the current literature and neuroscience practices, to ensure that the field is based on studies that are robust, representative, and transparent. Here, we conducted a scoping review to understand the racial and ethnic diversity of participants reported in MRI studies of the maternal brain, guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology. Our findings highlight three key issues in the 203 identified studies of the maternal brain using MRI: (1) the widespread underreporting of participant racial and ethnic data, with only 38.92% of studies reporting race and/or ethnicity demographics; (2) the overrepresentation of white participants, with 48.23% of the samples that report race and/or ethnicity identifying as white/Caucasian; and (3) the disproportionate geographical locations of studies, with 69.95% of studies from North America or Europe and Central Asia. These findings raise concerns about the generalizability of existing research beyond WEIRD (western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic) populations, and underscore the urgent need for concerted structural change in neuroscience research practices. While identifying a lack of diversity is only the first step, this scoping review serves as a call to action for greater representation in future research, for our own research group as well as others.