Toward a terminological consensus in rock climbing

Abstract Introduction Rock climbing encompasses a wide range of activities varying in movement, ascent style, safety requirements, and environmental context. In light of the sport’s evolution, a contemporary challenge in this research field pertains to the inconsistent use and conceptual ambiguity of climbing-related terminology. This multi-study investigation aimed to establish a consensus framework to standardize terminology for future rock climbing research. Methods In Study 1, a scoping literature review was conducted in April 2025. All scientific publications identified (378 publications) were systematically reviewed to assess the prevalence of title terms, historical evolution of terminology, cross-linguistic influences, definitions, and contextual frameworks of climbing-related terms. Study 2 engaged leading experts in the field via an online survey and a workshop to develop standardized definitions and a shared conceptual framework for climbing terminology. Results Study 1 found substantial diversity and conceptual ambiguity in climbing terminology, with rock climbing being the most prevalent term, followed by sport climbing and bouldering . Terminological and contextual inconsistencies were evident, as multiple terms were used to describe the same climbing context, while identical terms referred to different activities. Study 2 achieved consensus on terminology and a structural model, conceptualizing rock climbing as an umbrella term encompassing various disciplines, ascent styles, and performance types. Recommendations were provided regarding titles, keywords, regulatory contexts, and environment settings. Conclusion The terminological consensus and associated recommendations provide a foundation for a common language in the field and a shared understanding among researchers.