Research Progress on Template Methods for Perovskite Nanomaterials in Solar Energy Conversion

Perovskite nanomaterials possess superior optoelectronic characteristics, flexible structural tunability, simple synthesis routes and low manufacturing costs, making them outstanding candidates for solar energy conversion. Nevertheless, their practical commercialization is greatly restricted by intrinsic drawbacks such as poor environmental stability, difficulties in large-area fabrication and potential environmental risks. As an efficient and feasible strategy to overcome these bottlenecks, the template method utilizes the spatial confinement and interfacial induction effects of templates to precisely modulate the nucleation, growth, morphology and crystalline quality of perovskite nanomaterials. This review systematically summarizes the recent advances in template-regulated synthesis of perovskite nanomaterials for solar energy applications. It comprehensively elaborates the regulatory mechanisms and representative research progress of inorganic, organic and composite templates in perovskite preparation, focusing on their unique effects on optimizing the crystalline quality and operational stability of perovskite photovoltaic materials. The current technical limitations and future development directions of template method are also discussed. This review aims to provide a reliable theoretical basis and practical guidance for the rational design, controllable fabrication and performance optimization of high-efficiency and stable perovskite materials for solar energy conversion.