Selecting Life Cycle Cost Indicators for Sustainable Public Procurement: A Fuzzy Delphi Consensus from Indonesia

Sustainable public procurement (SPP) has emerged as a crucial strategy for advancing environmental management and socioeconomic development. Life Cycle Cost (LCC) is widely regarded as a quantitative measure of long-term economic viability. However, integrating LCC analysis into SPP remains a major challenge. This study addresses this gap by identifying and selecting LCC indicators that align with sustainable procurement. This study develops new indicators for LCC assessment through a mixed-methods approach that combines a systematic literature review, an institutional policy review, and expert stakeholder consensus via a fuzzy Delphi method. A panel of 12 experts evaluated the indicators, and of the 173 potential items generated from the literature review, consensus was reached on 88 indicators, with an average threshold value (d) = 0.182. The findings establish a systematic framework that highlights the cost indicators most critical for guiding public procurement decisions. The findings also suggest indicators that are priorities for LCC in sustainable public procurement. Selecting appropriate LCC indicators in the SPP will help the government achieve several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targets.